Raising achievement in mathematics – a Europe-wide challenge

The latest OECD Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) 2022 results reveal a significant increase in underachievement compared to PISA 2018 – alarmingly, nearly 30% of EU students struggle with mathematics. This places the EU further from its 2030 goal to reduce underachievement to 15%.

Only 8% of 15-year-old students excel in mathematics, a decline from previous PISA studies.  The situation is no better in primary schools. The Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) 2023 shows that a large proportion of 10-year-olds struggle with mathematics, while too few reach high competence levels.

Socioeconomic background remains a key factor in mathematics performance at all ages, highlighting persistent inequalities in education. Addressing these challenges will ensure a brighter future for Europe’s students. So, what is the response to this situation from national education systems and the EU institutions?

National learning support frameworks

A 2022 Eurydice report explored how European education systems support students facing learning difficulties in mathematics, primarily focusing on assessment mechanisms and learning support measures.

• Most systems identify low achievers through ongoing evaluation, testing and grading by teachers.
• A minority also use national competence-based tests, which can be compulsory or recommended.
• Governmental authorities play key roles in ensuring learning support; most require schools to assist low-achieving students.
• About half of the systems offer broad guidelines, giving schools flexibility in choosing support measures.
• A quarter provide detailed frameworks.
• Another quarter leaves decisions to local authorities or schools.

Learning support frameworks typically address general difficulties rather than subject-specific issues. However, some systems have specific provisions for mathematics. The most common support strategies include one-to-one or small-group tutoring, peer mentoring and summer schools. Differentiated teaching is also used, although its implementation varies between countries.

European strategies to support all students

At EU level, the 2022 Pathways to School Success initiative aims to tackle rising underachievement across the EU. It urges countries to adopt a systemic approach, addressing academic struggles while promoting well-being, preventing bullying and early school leaving and fostering a positive learning environment. Comprehensive national strategies should focus on prevention, intervention and support at all education levels. Special attention should be given to at-risk students, ensuring tailored support in inclusive settings.

Finally, improving data collection and monitoring at all levels would help track progress and refine policies. These steps are crucial to creating more equitable and effective education systems.

Building on the Pathways initiative, this month the European Commission adopted a Basic Skills Action Plan (as part of the Union of Skills strategy)  to step up support for basic skills enhancement at school level, including in mathematics.